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chloe ko.
christina chow.
mr. doktor's chemistry class
block g

home. mrdoktor.

Ketones
- is a hydrogencarbon chain with a double bonded oxygen that is NOT on either end. IT IS USUALLY AROUND THE MIDDLE.




-follow standard rules and add -one to the parent chain

Examples:
Draw the structural diagrams for the following ketones.

1)2,4 dimethyl 3 pentanone
2) 5 bromo 2 chloro 3 ethyl 4 heptanone










Name the following ketones:

















1) 4 methly 2 hexanone
2) 1 cyclopentanone
3) 5 bromo 4 phenyl 3 heptanone

Alydehydes
-is a compund that has a double bond oxygen at the END of a chain
- follow the standard rules and change the parent chain ending to "-AL"
   * BE CAREFUL WHEN NAMING ALDEHYDES AND ALCOHOLS.*

Example:
Draw the following structural or line diagrams for
1) 3,3 dimethyl pentanal
2) Ethanal
3) 3 chloro 2 methyl hexanal


















~christina :]

• Organic compounds can contain elements other than C and H
• These are know as functional groups
• Carbon chains without functional groups are written as
• R-OH
• In Chemistry 11 we will learn about a different functional groups

1. Alcohols
2. Halides
3. Aldehydes
4. Ketones
5. Carboxylic Acids
6. Ethers
7. Amines
8. Amides
9. Esters

-Carbon chains can form 2 types of closed loops
-Alicyclics are loops usually made with single bonds
-If the parent chain is a loop standard naming rules apply with one addition: "cyclo" is added infront of the parent chain



Double & Triple Bonds

• carbon can form double and triple bonds with carbon atoms
• when multiple bonds form fewer hydrogens are attached to the carbon atom
• naming rules are almost the same as with Alkanes
• The position of the double/triple bonds always has the lowest number and is put in front of the parent chain
• Double bonds (Alkenes) end in -ene
• Triple bonds (Alkynes end in -yne

2 Butene 

• What is the name of this akene?

• What is the name of this akene?

• What is the name of this Alkyne?

Organic Chemistry:
-O.C is the sutdy of Carbon compounds
  -carbon forms multiple covalent bonds
-carbon compounds can form chains, rings or branches
  -there are less than 100,000 non-organic compounds
  -the organic compounds number more than 7,000,000
-the simplest organic compound are made up of hygrogen and carbon
eg.     H                                       H   H          

          |                                         |     |

          |                                         |      |
         H                                       H   H

-Saturated compounds have no double or triple bonds
-Compounds with only single bonds are called Alkanes and always end in -ane
-3 categories of Organic compounds
                 1) Straight chains
                 2) Cylic chains
                 3) Aromatics

STRAIGHT CHAINS (rules for naming):
1. Circle the longest continuous chain and name this as the base chain
            - meth, eth, prop...
2. Number the base chain so side chains have the lowest possible numbers
3. Name each side chain using the -yl ending
4. Give each side chain the appropriate number
          - if there is more than one side chain, numbers / labels
            are slightly different
5. List side chains alphabetically.

Name the folllowing compounds:








1) 2,2 diethyl 4 methyl pentane because the longest chain is 5 highlighted in red. The one's circled in dark blue are the side chains. The number that is written in there is the numbering system in the lowest as possible.


2) 2 methyl propane because the longest chain is 3. It doesn't mater how you number it because the side chain will always be two if you count one way and vise-versa.


Now it's time to draw the following compunds:
1) 2,3 dimethyl butane
2) 3 methly hexane [not all side chains chains will be in a straight line they can turn off into another direction]
3) 2,2,3 trimethylpentane


~christina chow :]



 











Today our class had to determine if glycerin is either polar or non-polar. In our first observations we mixed water with table salt and sugar and they both dissolved in the water. When we mixed water with iodine is it did not dissolved. When we mixed paint thinner with table salt and sugar it did not disslove but when we mixed paint thinner and Iodine it dissolved. In our second observations we mixed water and glycerin and it was soluble. When we mixed paint thinner adn water is was not soluble. we concluded that when we mix two of the same substances [polar-polar OR non polar- non polar] it is not soluble, but when we mix two different substances [polar - non polar] it is soluble